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How to Make a Map


Annotated outline of tasks involved in making a map at Polaris Cartography.

~ from first enquiry to archival ~

~ from womb to tomb ~


Note: Further annotation/explanation coming soon...! Send me an email if you have any questions or would like further information about how I make maps.
Concept to Contract

Enquiry: Meet with prospective client and gather general information needed for proposal and quote. Questions include:

  • How will the map serve the client?
  • Who are the intended users and how will they use the map?
  • Date needed.
  • Map extent (area to be shown). Must include places. Might include places.
  • General and special information to be shown (esp. any 'non-standard' information.
  • Preferred style, color scheme. Are there examples?
  • Publishing medium (e.g., offset press, digital printer, screen print, web)
  • Number of copies.

Proposal & Quote: Detailed, proposal and cost estimate - possibly including several options. This may require one or more revisions before it's exactly right.

Contract: Approved proposal formalized in a contract.


Design & Setup

Project Setup Initialize project notes & required project directories & files.

Design: Complete working project specification & shop mockup.

Data Gathering/Survey/Research: Obtain and make sense of all the information needed for the map. Often significant effort here. Don't underestimate.


Data Compilation

Data Gathering:
  • PC Base Data: Polaris in-house database.
  • Government Sources: Obtain, convert format, spatial reference.
  • Commercial Sources: Purchase, convert format, spatial reference.
  • Research/Survey: as required
Data Processing and Cleaning:
  • Merge/Clip:
  • Classify: as required for project
  • Extract Data: layers for project
  • Clean:
  • Generalize
  • Extract Labels: as required
  • Create Indices: as required
Common Map Layers:
  • Imagery: e.g., aerial photographs, satellite images, panchromatic, multispectral
  • Terrain: e.g., contours, hachure, hillshade, colorshade
  • Landcover:
  • Boundaries: e.g., state, county, city, public/private land
  • Hydrography: e.g., lakes, swampland, rivers & streams
  • Transportation:
    • Highways (e.g., Interstate, US Hwy)
    • Major Roads (State roads & major public connecting roads)
    • Small Roads - (e.g., County roads, forest service, private roads, trails
    • Railroads
    • Powerlines/pipelines
  • Point Locations: e.g., cities and towns, landmarks, points of interest

Terrain Modeling and Rendering - for Panoramic Maps

Render Setup: elevation model, vector laters, colormap

Terrain Manipulation: ala Heinrich Beran & Eduard Imhof

Test Renderings: determine optimum terrain distortion, position, lighting, haze, etc.

Final Renderings: render layers to assemble for final image; color, shade, depth map, sky, overlays

Image Postprocessing: merge rendered layers, add texture, manual edits


Carto-graphics: - move project to DTP/graphics environment. Start making it look like a map!

Process Images: e.g., terrain, landcover, image background image

Vector Data Import:, DTP doc layering MP import/processing,

Vector Data Processing & edits: convert polylines to bezier curves, smooth, manual edits

Assign Color/Style: all map layers

Process labels and symbols: FH search/replace, etc.

Hand Typesetting:

Finishing Touches: create index, scale, legend, etc.


Layout/Publishing

Setup: e.g., page layout, color pallette, stylesheet, DTP document structure.

Map Placement:

Typesetting/copy writing:

Image placement/edits:

Artwork/Photography: placement/edits:

Technical Graphics/Illustrations: creation/placement/edits:

In-house Draft: produce/review/revise

First Draft: produce/deliver/revise

Final Draft: produce/deliver/revise

Prepress/Final Delivery:


Housekeeping/Archival

Clean up: temporary and extraneous files

Portfolio: versions of the map for web site, CD

Archive: transfer project to CD, project data to PC base


Polaris Cartography
114 White Pine Ln
Burnsville, NC 28714
Phone: (828) 675-5357
Email: mail@polarismaps.com